Maritime Ports Security System And Action Plan Against...

American Military University Capstone Research Proposal Maritime Ports Security System and Action Plan against Terrorism Department of Homeland Security Riquelme Paez October 19, 2014 Research Question: The government and international organizations are working tirelessly to identify vulnerabilities in the Nation maritime ports and implement the necessary countermeasures because the consequences for life and business can be catastrophic, what could be loopholes in the security system that could allow a criminal act against the United States Nation ports? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to elaborate a deep investigation of vulnerabilities and strength of the maritime security ports of the Nation. The points to be develop thru this investigation are: †¢ Port Security Assessment †¢ Port Security Plan †¢ Port Security Officer, Training and Exercises Port Security , Port Security Equipment and Personal Safety Harbor †¢ United States Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 †¢ United States 96 hour advance notification of arrival †¢ Container Security Initiative ( CSI ) †¢ Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism †¢ Risk Factors and Threats After all the factors mentioned above are studied, the investigation will allow to obtain flaws in the security of the maritime ports which could allow a terrorist attack. The study will also reveal recommendations to strengthen the maritime port security system and minimize the opportunities for aShow MoreRelatedDevelopments For Securing The Nations Ports1574 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopments in securing the nation’s ports have occurred since September 11, 2001: According to American Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some 360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and theRead MoreThe Patriot Act Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pages(Threat of Terrorism): Looking at today’s headlines, it has become apparent that terrorism and terrorist threats are now in our backyard. 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Such a componentRead MoreMaritime Port Security Essay4939 Words   |  20 PagesMARITIME TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ACT OF 2002: A CRITIQUE PORT SECURITY HLSS645 Theaurthus Grant July 24, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. A Brief Legislative History of the Bill 3 2. Review of Previous Legislation: The Need for MTSA 4 3. Summary of Pertinent Provisions of the MTSA 7 4. Strengths and Weaknesses of MTSA 10 5. Final Assessment and Recommendations to Strengthen MTSA 15 REFERENCES 17 1. A Brief Legislative History of the Bill The UnitedRead MoreAsymmetric Threats Essay1958 Words   |  8 Pagesbest sums up the meaning in my view is leveraging unconventional tactics against a superior opponent with the goal of disrupting the willingness to achieve the operational objectives. The most common and current example of this would be the insurgency tactics used in Iraq and Afghanistan. The United States must not assume those tactics and strategies will only be used abroad. The same asymmetric threats our country’s security initiative is facing are the same challenges are seaports are facing. Read MoreThe Role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection2503 Words   |  10 Pagesspecific time eras. U.S. Customs has grown from collecting of revenue during the 1800s to fighting the War on Drugs, and well into the 21st century where combating terrorism would be yet another mission undertaken by CBP. Without a doubt, the U.S. Customs Service has played an active role in the protection of the nation’s bo rders against terrorism, criminal drug lords, and even the violation of intellectual property theft. Origins of the U.S. Customs Service The U.S. Customs was not officially establishedRead MoreA Brief Note On Agro Terrorism And Its Effects On Society1799 Words   |  8 Pages9/11 type of attack that many others modes of terrorism often go over looked, such as agricultural terrorism (agro terrorism). Agro terrorism can be defined as the intentional release of a disease substance that impacts cattle and other food supply chains that either generates widespread fear or impacts a the social economic climate (Chalk, 2004). The U.S. is vulnerable for such a disruption and cannot wait until an attack occurs before significant action is taken to defend the people and keep America’sRead MoreUs Customs and Border Protection7176 Words   |  29 PagesOfficers 45,741 Agency executives R. Gil Kerlikowske, Commissioner Kevin K. McAleenan, Deputy Commissioner Parent agency U.S. Department of Homeland Security Website www.cbp.gov Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration.Read MoreU.s. And China On Anti Terrorism War3623 Words   |  15 PagesCooperation In Intelligence Sharing Between the U.S. and China on Anti-terrorism War Abstract: With the globalization of the terrorism activities, it is necessary and urgent for the U.S. to seek for cooperation in intelligence sharing with countries other than the past allies such the UK and Europe. From 2013 China has started to establish activities fighting with the terrorism after being attacked by two horrible terrorism assaults. 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4th Amendmant and Probable Cause Free Essays

In the United States, the police must, whenever practicable, obtain advance judicial approval of searches and seizures through the appropriate warrant procedure. In most instances, failure to comply with the warrant requirement can only be excused by exigent circumstances. There should be circumstances sufficient to warrant a prudent man to believe that the person stopped had committed or was committing an offense. We will write a custom essay sample on 4th Amendmant and Probable Cause or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intrusions upon constitutionally guaranteed rights must be based on more than unarticulated hunches, and simple good faith on part of the officer is not enough. The facts should prove reasonable inferences derived from unusual conduct. A person may assert violation of his Fourth Amendment rights in connection with search or seizure only if he can demonstrate a legitimate expectation of privacy in the area searched or items seized. To establish, for Fourth Amendment purposes, a legitimate expectation of privacy in area searched or items seized, defendants must demonstrate: (1) subjective expectation of privacy; and (2) that this expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as objectively reasonable. Under Fourth Amendment, police are authorized to conduct a warrantless protective pat-down of individuals they encounter in the field so long as their concerns are justified by reasonable suspicion of possible danger. Under the Fourth Amendment, police may execute warrantless searches incident to a lawful arrest, as it is reasonable for authorities to search an arrestee for weapons that might threaten their safety, or for evidence which might be destroyed. The United States Supreme Court has explicitly determined that a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy in an automobile belonging to another. Though the passenger does not have a standing to challenge the search of car that he does not own, he can still challenge the lawfulness of his own detention when the car is stopped at a drug interdiction checkpoint, and therefore, he can seek to suppress any evidence seized as fruit of his allegedly illegal detention. Even assuming that drug interdiction checkpoint was legal, such that the officers did not violate the passenger’s Fourth Amendment rights by stopping the vehicle in which he was riding, a passenger’s detention was held to be independent and separate from officers’ discovery of drugs during the search of the vehicle’s driver/owner consensual search of the vehicle. The stop and search of a moving automobile can be made without a warrant but, automobile or no automobile, there must be probable cause for the search. Probable cause to search exists when there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. Standards of â€Å"reasonable suspicion† and â€Å"probable cause,† as used to evaluate constitutionality of investigative stops and searches, are not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules but rather are common sense, non- technical conceptions that deal with factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent persons, not legal technicians, act. Standards are fluid concepts that take their substantive content from particular contexts in which standards are being assessed. The United States Supreme Court held that brief, suspicion-less seizures at highway checkpoints for the purposes of combating drunk driving and intercepting illegal immigrants were constitutional. The Fourth Amendment requires that searches and seizures be reasonable. A search and seizure is ordinarily unreasonable in the absence of individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. When officers have reasonable suspicion that occupants of a vehicle are engaged in criminal activity, they may briefly stop the vehicle to investigate. Police may make an investigative stop of a vehicle when they have reasonable suspicion of an ongoing crime, whether it be a felony or misdemeanor, including drunk driving in jurisdictions where that is a criminal offense. Police may also make a stop when they have reasonable suspicion of a completed felony, though not of a mere completed misdemeanor. The court in various cases held that for purposes of determining whether an investigatory stop is justified by reasonable suspicion, the following instances may be taken in to account, as the traffic violation of failure to stay within lanes, a driver’s slowing down, stiffening of posture, and failure to acknowledge a sighted law enforcement officer might well be unremarkable in one instance, such as a busy San Francisco highway, while quite unusual in another, such as a remote portion of rural southeastern Arizona. But a brief veering out of a lane of travel on a windy day does not give probable cause to the police to stop the vehicle. In making reasonable-suspicion determinations, reviewing courts must look at the totality of the circumstances of each case to see whether the detaining officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing. â€Å"Totality of the circumstances† approach to making reasonable-suspicion determinations allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that might well elude an untrained person. Although an officer’s reliance on a mere â€Å"hunch† is insufficient to justify an investigatory stop, the likelihood of criminal activity need not rise to the level required for probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the evidence standard. Although the concept of reasonable suspicion required to justify an investigatory stop is somewhat abstract, the United States Supreme Court has deliberately avoided reducing it to a neat set of legal rules. In determining whether individualized suspicion is required to support a stop of a motorist’s vehicle, the United States Supreme Court considered the nature of the interests threatened and their connection to the particular law enforcement practices at issue. The Court is particularly reluctant to recognize exceptions to the general rule of individualized suspicion where governmental authorities primarily pursue their general crime control ends. While subjective intentions on the part of police officers play no role in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis, checkpoint stops may be relevant to the validity of Fourth Amendment intrusions undertaken pursuant to a general scheme without individualized suspicion. The United States Supreme Court determined that checkpoints set up for general crime prevention, including drug interdiction, do not pass constitutional muster under the Fourth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court noted that checkpoint cases only limited exceptions to the general rule that a seizure must be accompanied by some measure of individualized suspicion. An Anatomy of a Criminal Trial Most criminal trials follow a uniform set of procedures. The many rituals associated with modern trials have developed over centuries. America’s common law heritage makes it possible for all states and the federal government to follow a largely uniform set of procedures. Assuming that the trial is carried out to completion, those procedures are as follows: Decision on judge or jury. The defense decides whether it wants the case tried by a judge or a jury (the prosecution can’t require a jury trial). Jury selection. If the trial will be held before a jury, the defense and prosecution select the jury through a question and answer process called â€Å"voir dire. † In federal courts and many state courts, the judge carries out this process using questions suggested by the attorneys as well as questions that the judge comes up with on his or her own. Evidence issues. The defense and prosecution request the court, in advance of trial, to admit or exclude certain evidence. These requests are called motions â€Å"in limine. † Opening statements. The prosecution and then the defense make opening statements to the judge or jury. These statements provide an outline of the case that each side expects to prove. Because neither side wants to look foolish to the jury, the attorneys are careful to promise only what they think they can deliver. In some cases the defense attorney reserves opening argument until the beginning of the defense case. Prosecution case-in-chief. The prosecution presents its main case through direct examination of prosecution witnesses by the prosecutor. Cross-examination. The defense may cross-examine the prosecution witnesses. Redirect. The prosecution may re-examine its witnesses. Prosecution rests. The prosecution finishes presenting its case. Motion to dismiss (optional). The defense may move to dismiss the charges if it thinks that the prosecution has failed to produce enough evidence — even if the jury believes it — to support a guilty verdict. Denial of motion to dismiss. Almost always, the judge denies the defense motion to dismiss. Defense case-in-chief. The defense presents its main case through direct examination of defense witnesses. Cross-examination. The prosecutor cross-examines the defense witnesses. Redirect. The defense re-examines the defense witnesses. Defense rests. The defense finishes presenting its case. Prosecution rebuttal. The prosecutor offers evidence to refute the defense case. Settling on jury instructions. The prosecution and defense get together with the judge and craft a final set of instructions that the judge will give the jury. Prosecution closing argument. The prosecution makes its closing argument, summarizing the evidence as the prosecution sees it, and explaining why the jury should render a guilty verdict. Defense closing argument. The defense makes its closing argument, summarizing the evidence as the defense sees it, and explaining why the jury should render a not guilty verdict — or at least a guilty verdict on a lesser charge. Prosecution rebuttal. The prosecution has the last word, if it chooses to do so, and again argues that the jury has credible evidence that supports a finding of guilty. Jury instructions. The judge instructs the jury about what law to apply to the case and how to carry out its duties. (Some judges â€Å"preinstruct† juries, reciting instructions before closing argument or even at the outset of trial. ) Jury deliberations. The jury deliberates and tries to reach a verdict. Most states require unanimous agreement, but Oregon and Louisiana allow convictions with only 10 of 12 votes. Post-trial motions. If the jury produces a guilty verdict, the defense often makes post-trial motions requesting the judge to override the jury and either grant a new trial or acquit the defendant. Denial of post-trial motions. Almost always, the judge denies the defense post-trial motions. Sentencing. Assuming a conviction (a verdict of â€Å"guilty†), the judge either sentences the defendant on the spot or sets sentencing for another day. To read and printout a copy of the Form please link below. Checklist: Documents Your Attorney Will Need Be Sociable, Share! 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Advantage & Disadvantage of Cloud-Based Storage-Free-Samples

Question: Write a report on Cloud-based Storage, advantages and disadvantages. Answer: Introduction The particular model for storing confidential data over the Internet is known as a cloud based storage. The cloud storage is solely controlled or managed by the hosting organization. The data is made available as well as accessible with the cloud provider (Laan 2017). One of the important advantages of any cloud based storage is that it protects the physical environment of the cloud. The providers of cloud based storage control the stored data by various storage servers. This report will provide a significant and detailed explanation on the broad theory of various cloud storages and their advantages and disadvantages. The report covers a brief history of this topic with the section of methodology and details of the research. This report also provides relevant details about the different point of views mentioned in twelve scholarly articles. The final section is the findings, where the complete report is evaluated. Background Cloud computing was first invented during the year 1960 byJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider. He wanted to interlink the data transferring with the users. The main motive was to create something that could be accessible from anywhere irrespective of the time (Null and Labor 2014). After inventing cloud computing, it was observed that an online storage is highly required for the purpose of storing the data securely and without any type of complexities. During the year 1994, AT T was responsible for launching Persona Link Services. It is a specific online platform that is utilized for business as well as personal entrepreneurship and communication. In the beginning, it was a very small space in disk, which could be utilized for storing all files. Amongst all the bigger organizations or companies, Amazon Web Services was the first one to launch and introduce their service of cloud storage with the rest of the world. It was named as AWS S3, after the name of Amazon Web Services (Rountree and Castrillo 2013). The famous services like Dropbox, Pinterest adopted this cloud storage for their businesses. Methodology and Research Details The hypothetical as well as or methodical analysis for any particular activity or action is known as a methodology. This is utilized for executing the activity perfectly. Various articles have been viewed for understanding the concept of cloud based storage. These scholarly articles are perfectly reviewed for completing this report. Amongst all the reviewed articles, twelve specific articles were chosen and this report is written on those twelve articles. Issues, Various Points of View The various authors have discussed the topic in their specific ways. As per Laan 2013, cloud based storage is one of the most important requirements for any small or medium enterprises. The IT infrastructure helps to understand the complete architecture of cloud properly. According to Lee 2014, the cloud computing can be defined as the simplified practice of data transfer through Internet and cloud storage is the storage of the data. Advantages The most significant advantages or benefits of the cloud storage are given below: Lack of Verification of Data Integrity: The first and the foremost advantage of the cloud based storage is the lack of verification of data integrity. The cloud storage is responsible for providing utmost data confidentiality and integrity to its users (Pfleeger and Pfleeger 2015). This type of verification is not at all required in the cloud storage. Thus, the public audit ability of the cloud storage is solely enabled so that the TPA or the third party auditor can resort the data without worrying about the integrity. Cheaper: The second important advantage of the cloud storage is that it is extremely cheaper and does not incur huge costs (Lee 2014). Although, this particular storage helps to manage, maintain and back up the data perfectly, the maintenance cost or expense of the cloud storage is extremely less when they are compared to others. The operating costs of the business processes in any particular business or organization is diminished when they store the data in cloud storage. This reduction of the annual expense in business processes makes the storage very popular and acceptable by everyone. The lack of internal power for data storage is another important significance of cloud storage (Stefanov and Shi 2013). Google Drive is one of the most popular examples of cloud storage that help the user in understanding the advantage of cost savings perfectly. Data Accessibility: The next advantage of the cloud storage is the data accessibility. The data that has been stored as well as manipulated or retrieved can be easily accessed from any part of the world by anyone (White 2015). The data accessibility of cloud does not need help of the cloud provider and the user can do this by their own. The only requirement for data accessibility is the connection of the Internet. Disaster Recovery: Another significant benefit of cloud based storage is that is helps in disaster recovery. It has been often observed that the businesses or organizations, who utilize the cloud storage or cloud computing for executing the business operations, face difficult situations like loss of data and lack of data integrity (Santana 2013). Cloud storage has an in built structure of disaster recovery within itself so that there is no problem in the retrieving the lost data. It is a type of security planning, which targets in protecting the business from various negative or disasters activities. The two measurements in the disaster recovery are the recovery point objective and the recovery time objective. These two are present within cloud storage. Disadvantages In spite of giving such vast and extra ordinary advantages, various disadvantages are also present within the cloud based storage and they are given below: Lack of Privacy and Security: The most devastating disadvantage of the cloud storage is that there is almost no security and privacy for the data. This lack of security is often considered as the main down point for any cloud storage (Kurose and Ross 2016). Although it recent days, few cloud storages like Google Drive, Google cloud have taken this into consideration and thus provided utmost security for their users. The security of the cloud storage should be maintained properly so that the users do not move away from it. Speed: The second most important disadvantage of the cloud storage is its speed. The data transfer or data storing is comparatively slower. This is mainly due to the fact that cloud storage has a huge infrastructure and when bulk amount of data is tried to be stored, the process gets slower with the heavier amount of data. Dependency on Internet: The third most significant disadvantage of the cloud based storage is the dependency on the connection of Internet. Cloud based storage cannot work if the Internet connection is weak or if there is not Internet connectivity (Burd 2016). This dependency often becomes a major problem for the all of its users, who want to store their confidential data within the cloud based storage. Need of Software Downloading: The fifth most significant disadvantage of the cloud based storage is the need or requirement of the download of software. The cloud based storage comprises of various software and services within it. If a user wants to store the data within the cloud storage, it is extremely required to download all the software and services. Bandwidth Allowance: Another significant disadvantage of any particular cloud based storage is the limited bandwidth allowance (Stallings and Case 2013). Each cloud storage has its own limited bandwidth and if that specific bandwidth is surpassed by the client, huge cost is incurred with that. Findings This particular report has provided a complete evaluation of the cloud storage with its advantages and disadvantages. These benefits and the demerits of this cloud storage help to understand the importance of cloud storage in terms of various scholarly articles. These twelve articles are discussed by various authors and thus it is easily utilized by the clients. The main advantages of the cloud storage are lack of data integrity, cheaper, disaster recovery and data accessibility. The main disadvantages of cloud storage include lack of privacy and security, slower, limited bandwidth allowance, dependency on Internet and requirement of software downloading. Conclusion Thus, from the above provided report, conclusion can be drawn that any cloud based storage is the significant storage for storing the data remotely and thus enjoying high quality of on demand services as well as applications. The most significant advantage of this type of storage is that there is no such burden and complexity of maintenance and storage of local data. The cloud storage is responsible for any type of data storing irrespective of its size. The services and the applications are utilized from the shared resources pool and these resources are of completely configurable computation. The users of the cloud storage do not comprise of any type of outsourcing data for making the integrity if data protection. Another important advantage of this cloud storage is that the users do not have to worry about the integrity of data. This type of verification is not at all required. This above report has properly provided a detailed description on cloud storage and its advantages as well as disadvantages. The methodology of completing this report was extremely easy and this was done by researching various articles. The benefits and the disadvantages are properly explained in this report. Furthermore, the evaluation of the entire report is done in the section of findings. References Burd, S., 2016. Systems architecture. 7th edn, Course Technology, Boston, MA. Kurose, J.F., and Ross, K.W., 2016. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach.7th edn, Addison Wesley, New Jersey. Laan, S., 2013.IT Infrastructure Architecture-Infrastructure Building Blocks and Concepts Second Edition. Lulu. press. Laan, S., 2017.IT Infrastructure Architecture-Infrastructure Building Blocks and Concepts Third Edition. Lulu. com. Lee, G., 2014.Cloud networking: understanding cloud-based data center networks. Morgan Kaufmann. Null, L., and Labor, J., 2014. The essentials of computer organization and architecture. 4th edn, Jones Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA. Pfleeger, C., and Pfleeger, S., 2015. Security in Computing. 5th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rountree, D. and Castrillo, I., 2013.The basics of cloud computing: Understanding the fundamentals of cloud computing in theory and practice. Newnes. Santana, G.A., 2013.Data center virtualization fundamentals: understanding techniques and designs for highly efficient data centers with Cisco Nexus, UCS, MDS, and beyond. Cisco Press. Stallings, W., and Case, T., 2013. Business data communications: Infrastructure, networking and security, 7th edn, Pearson, Boston. Stefanov, E. and Shi, E., 2013, May. Oblivistore: High performance oblivious cloud storage. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2013 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 253-267). IEEE. White, C., 2015.Data communications and computer networks: a business user's approach. Cengage Learning.